### OAuth2 purpose

A way for the `user` to tell `google` to give an access token to `xorismesiti.gr` app

<br><br>

### OAuth2 Frontend/Backend Flow:

|  When | What                     | How                                              |
|-------|--------------------------|:------------------------------------------------:|
| 1     | Get Code                 | Front ⇢ Google ⇢ Front                     |  
| 2     | Exchange Code with Token | Front ⇢ Back ⇢ Google ⇢ Back ⇢ Front |
| 4     | Use Token                | Front ⇢ Google ⇢ Front                     |

<br><br>

### OAuth2 Frontend/Backend Flow Details:

1. Frontend **Redirect** the user to Google's OAuth authorization endpoint `accounts.google.com/o/oauth2`
2. User **Login in** to Google and grant permissions
3. Google **Redirect** the user back to `xorismesiti.gr/callback` including the authorization `code`
4. Frontend **Send** the authorization `code` to the Backend
5. Backend **Exchange** the authorization `code` for an `access_token` and `refresh token`
6. Backend **Send** `access_token` and `refresh token` to Frontend
7. Frontend **Store** `access_token` and `refresh token` to secure cookie
8. Frontend **Use** `access_token` to get user data from Google

<br><br>





# 1. Get Authorization code

### Frontend ⇢ Google ⇢ Frontend

<br>

1. A button "Login with Google" redirects the user to the Google's authorization endpoint `accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth`
2. After the redirection, the user will log in to Google and grant permissions (if they haven’t already).
3. Google will redirect the user back to your redirect_uri `https://xorismesiti.gr/callback` with an authorization code `?code=ABC123`

*Security: the state string should be validated upon receiving the response from Google, as it ensures that the response corresponds to the request.*

<br>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP GET Request from Frontend to Google</h4></summary>

```sh
GET https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?
    response_type=code&
    client_id=ABC34JHS9D&
    redirect_uri=https://xorismesiti.gr/callback&
    scope=email%20profile&
    state=xyz123
```

- `response_type=code`: This indicates you're using the "authorization code" flow.
- `client_id`: Your Google API client ID. Created by the developers of the `xorismesiti.gr` on the google API console.
- `redirect_uri`: The URI Google will redirect to after the user consents.
- `scope`: The permissions you're requesting (e.g., email, profile).
- `state`: A random string to protect against CSRF attacks.

</details>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP GET Response from Google to Frontend </h4></summary>

```bash
HTTP/1.1 302 Found
Location: https://xorismesiti.gr/api/auth/callback?code=4/0AX4XfWgyVyz-uT8k7WiyLg0Q&state=xyz123
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 0
```

</details>

<details>
<summary><h4>Frontend Code</h4></summary>

```js
// Redirect to Google's OAuth 2.0 endpoint when user clicks login
const loginWithGoogle = () => {
  const clientId = 'ABC34JHS9D';  // Replace with your actual Google Client ID
  const redirectUri = 'https://xorismesiti.gr/api/auth/callback'; // Backend URL where Google will send the user after login
  const scope = 'email profile';  // Scopes you're requesting (email, profile, etc.)
  const state = 'random-state-value';  // For CSRF protection
  
  const googleAuthUrl = `https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?response_type=code&client_id=${clientId}&redirect_uri=${redirectUri}&scope=${scope}&state=${state}`;
  
  window.location.href = googleAuthUrl; // Redirect user to Google
};
```

</details>

<br><br><br>





# 2. Exchange Authorization Code with Tokens

### Frontend ⇢ Backend ⇢ Google ⇢ Backend ⇢ Frontend

<br>

### 2.1 Frontend

Now that the frontend has the Authorization `code` on the callback url, it can send it to the backend

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP POST Request from Frontend to Backend</h4></summary>

```bash
POST https://xorismesiti.gr/api/auth/exchange-token
Content-Type: application/json

{
  "code": "AAAABCX4XfWgyVyziyLg0QHHHHH"
}
```

</details>


<details>
<summary><h4>Frontend Code</h4></summary>

```js
// On the backend callback URL, the frontend receives the authorization code
import { useEffect } from 'react';
import { useRouter } from 'next/router';

const Callback = () => {
  const router = useRouter();
  
  useEffect(() => {
    const { code, state } = router.query;
    
    // Send the authorization code to the backend for token exchange
    fetch('/api/auth/exchange-token', {
      method: 'POST',
      body: JSON.stringify({ code }),
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      },
    })
    .then(response => response.json())
    .then(data => {
      // Handle success (store token, update UI, etc.)
      console.log(data);  // Typically, you'll store the access token here or manage the user session.
      router.push('/dashboard');  // Redirect the user to their dashboard or home page.
    })
    .catch(error => {
      console.error('Error exchanging token:', error);
    });
  }, []);
  
  return <div>Loading...</div>;
};

export default Callback;
```

</details>

<br>

### 2.2 Backend

1. The Backend **receives** the authorization `code` form the Frontend POST at `xorismesiti.gr/api/auth/exchange-token`
2. The Backend **POST** the Authorization `code` to Google API
3. The Google **response** to Backend POST with the `token`
4. The Backend **response** to Frontend POST with the the `token`

*Security: The backend never expose the client_secret to the frontend. This step should always be handled on the backend.*

<br>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP POST Request from Backend to Google</h4></summary>

```sh
POST https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

grant_type=authorization_code&
code=AAAABCX4XfWgyVyziyLg0QHHHHH&
redirect_uri=https://xorismesiti.gr/callback&
client_id=ABC34JHS9D&
client_secret=PASS1234
```

- `HTTP Method`: POST
- `URL`: https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token
- Headers
    - `Content-Type`: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
- Body
    - `grant_type`=authorization_code: This specifies the grant type.
    - `code`: The authorization code you received in the previous step.
    - `redirect_uri`: The same redirect URI used in the authorization request.
    - `client_id`: Your Google API client ID.
    - `client_secret`: Your Google API client secret (which should be kept secure).

</details>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP POST Response from Google to Backend</h4></summary>

```json
{
    "access_token": "ACCESSTOKEN.6zXZkHi2XITkDoOV.ACCESSTOKEN",
    "token_type": "Bearer",
    "expires_in": 3600,
    "refresh_token": "1//04d5XHqmn6Hdy3wTf5OYDP1SyBa74zEFURjddQ2A1cFw78PY13pQyWhlD2A6XhDQtKlrjAqU4kS3vGdMvckw",
    "scope": "email profile"
}
```

</details>

<details>
<summary><h4>Backend Code:</h4></summary>

```js
const express = require('express');
const axios = require('axios');

const app = express();
app.use(express.json()); // To parse JSON bodies

const clientId = 'YOUR_GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID'; // Google Client ID
const clientSecret = 'YOUR_GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET'; // Google Client Secret
const redirectUri = 'https://xorismesiti.gr/api/auth/callback'; // Must match the one used in frontend

// Handle token exchange
app.post('/api/auth/exchange-token', async (req, res) => {
  const { code } = req.body;

  try {
    const response = await axios.post('https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token', null, {
      params: {
        code,
        client_id: clientId,
        client_secret: clientSecret,
        redirect_uri: redirectUri,
        grant_type: 'authorization_code',
      },
    });
    
    const { access_token, refresh_token, expires_in } = response.data;

    // Optionally, store the tokens in a secure location (e.g., session, database)
    // For now, send them back to the frontend (not recommended for production)
    res.json({ access_token, refresh_token, expires_in });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error exchanging authorization code for token:', error);
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Failed to exchange authorization code for access token' });
  }
});

// Start the server
app.listen(3000, () => {
  console.log('Server running on http://localhost:3000');
});
```

</details>

<br>

### 2.3 Frontend

The frontend gets the tokens from the backend response, 

and saves them in a cookie marked as `HTTP-only` and `Secure`

Now its ready to use the tokens to get the user data from Google

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP Response from Backend to Frontend</h4></summary>

```json
{
  "access_token": "ya29.a0AfH6SMC8Op6zXZkHi2XITkDoOVzYXt3hTY6sny54UlWlxrnKlX5Xv78is7BEHekVX-VoA",
  "token_type": "Bearer",
  "expires_in": 3600,
  "refresh_token": "1//04d5XHqmn6Hdy3wTf5OYDP1SyBa74zEFURjddQ2A1cFw78PY13pQyWhlD2A6XhDQtKlrjAqU4kS3vGdMvckw",
  "scope": "email profile"
}
```

</details>



<details>
<summary><h4>Frontend Code:</h4></summary>

```js
// Set an HTTP-only, Secure cookie on the backend
res.cookie('access_token', accessToken, { 
  httpOnly: true, 
  secure: true, 
  maxAge: 3600000  // 1 hour expiry
});
```

</details>




<br><br><br>

# 4. Use the Token

### Frontend ⇢ Google ⇢ Frontend

<br>

Make authenticated requests directly to Google API using the token stored in a secure cookie

<br>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP GET Request from Frontend to Google</h4></summary>

```bash
GET https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/userinfo
Authorization: Bearer ACCESSTOKEN6zXZkHi2XITkDoOVACCESSTOKEN
```

</details>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP GET Response from Google to Frontend</h4></summary>

```json
{
    "sub": "1234567890",
    "name": "John Doe",
    "given_name": "John",
    "family_name": "Doe",
    "profile": "https://plus.google.com/1234567890",
    "picture": "https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/a-/AOh14GgIXXl5JXzW0c1Szbl-e1Jch1vhl5rHhH65vlK6J5g5PqkGjj1O0p3t8bgVEOykQ6ykFSQ=s96",
    "email": "john.doe@example.com",
    "email_verified": true,
    "locale": "en"
}
```

</details>

<details>
<summary><h4>Frontend Code</h4></summary>

```js
const fetchUserData = async (accessToken) => {
  try {
    const response = await fetch('https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/userinfo', {
      method: 'GET',
      headers: {
        'Authorization': `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
      },
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error('Failed to fetch user data from Google');
    }

    // Parse the response to get the user data
    const userData = await response.json();

    console.log('User Data:', userData);
    // Example user data:
    // {
    //   "sub": "1234567890123456789012345678901234567890",
    //   "name": "John Doe",
    //   "given_name": "John",
    //   "family_name": "Doe",
    //   "email": "john.doe@example.com",
    //   "picture": "https://example.com/profile.jpg"
    // }
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error fetching user data:', error);
  }
};
```

</details>

<br><br><br>






# 5. Refresh the Token

### Frontend ⇢ Backend ⇢ Google ⇢ Backend ⇢ Frontend

<br>

If the access token is expired, the frontend will receive a response error from Google when attempting to fetch user data

<br>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP GET Request from Frontend to Google (with expires token)</h4></summary>

```bash
GET https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/userinfo
Authorization: Bearer ACCESSTOKEN6zXZkHi2XITkDoOVACCESSTOKEN
```

</details>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP GET Response from Google to Frontend (for expired token)</h4></summary>

```json
{
  "error": "invalid_token",
  "error_description": "The access token expired"
}
```

</details>

<br>

<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP POST Request from Frontend to Backend (with refresh token)</h4></summary>

```bash
POST /api/refresh-token HTTP/1.1
Host: your-backend-domain.com
Content-Type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer <access_token> (optional, depends on the backend)
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36
Accept: application/json
Origin: https://your-frontend-domain.com
Connection: keep-alive
Content-Length: 57

{
  "refresh_token": "REFRESHTOKEN6zXZkHi2XITkDoOVREFRESHTOKEN"
}
```

</details>


<details>
<summary><h4>HTTP POST Response from Backend to Frontend (with new access token)</h4></summary>

```json
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/json
Content-Length: 123
Cache-Control: no-store
Pragma: no-cache

{
  "access_token": "new-access-token-here",
  "expires_in": 3600,
  "token_type": "bearer"
}
```

</details>

<br>

<details>
<summary><h4>Frontend Code</h4></summary>

```js
const refreshAccessToken = async (refreshToken) => {
  try {
    const response = await fetch('/api/refresh-token', {
      method: 'POST',
      headers: {
        'Content-Type': 'application/json',
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({ refresh_token: refreshToken }),
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error('Failed to refresh access token');
    }

    const data = await response.json();
    return data.access_token;  // New access token
  } catch (error) {
    console.error('Error refreshing access token:', error);
  }
};
```

</details>


<details>
<summary><h4>Frontend Code</h4></summary>

```js
const response = await fetch('https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token', {
  method: 'POST',
  headers: {
    'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
  },
  body: new URLSearchParams({
    client_id: 'YOUR_GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID',
    client_secret: 'YOUR_GOOGLE_CLIENT_SECRET',
    refresh_token: refreshToken,
    grant_type: 'refresh_token',
  }),
});

const data = await response.json();
const newAccessToken = data.access_token;  // New access token
```
</details>